Intraoperative fluoroscopy, portable X-ray, and CT:
patient and operating room personnel radiation exposure in spinal surgery    

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Course Objectives

At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to:

1. Gain knowledge of the radiation exposure to patients and staff in the operating room
2. Describe the differences in radiation exposure between XR, c-arms and o-arms 

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This internet enduring material consisting of a slide presentation that takes approximately 1 hour to complete.

Method of participation:

1. Read article
2. Complete the test (must pass 100% – you have two chances)
3. Complete the evaluation
4. Certificate will generate after passing test and evaluations are completed

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ACCREDITATION
The University of California, Davis, Health is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

Physician Credit
The University of California, Davis, Health designates this Enduring Material for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits ™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Nurses
For the purpose of recertification, the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) accepts AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ issued by organizations accredited by the ACCME. 

Physician Assistants 
Physician Assistants may claim a maximum of 1.0 Category 1 credits for completing this activity. The National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA) accepts AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ from organizations accredited by ACCME or a recognized state medical society.
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Disclosures of Relevant Financial Relationships
The following have disclosed no relevant financial relationships:
 
Course Chair
J. Anthony Seibert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Radiology, UC Davis, Health

Authors
Elisha M. Nelson, ARRT
Shafagh M. Monazzam, MD
Kee D. Kim, MD
J. Anthony Seibert, PhD
Eric O. Klineberg, MD

Planning Committee
Linda Kroger, MS, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Radiology, UC Davis, Health
J. Anthony Seibert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Radiology, UC Davis, Health
Bruce Hodge, QA Technologist, Health Physics, UC Davis, Health

Content Reviewer
Avinash Gautam, MS, Medical Physicist

If you have any questions please contact UC Davis Health Office of Continuing Medical Education at cme@ucdavis.edu or phone (916) 734-5352